Central Appalachian Stream and Streamside Forest

EVT 9560Central Appalachian Stream and Riparian Shrubland
CES202.609GNRShrubRiparian
Summary
This riparian system ranges from southern New England to Virginia and West Virginia and occurs over a wide range of elevations. It develops on floodplains and shores along river channels that lack a broad flat floodplain due to steeper sideslopes, higher gradient, or both. It may include communities influenced by flooding, erosion, or groundwater seepage. The vegetation is often a mosaic of forest, woodland, shrubland, and herbaceous communities. Common trees include Betula nigra and Platanus occidentalis. Open, flood-scoured rivershore prairies feature Panicum virgatum and Andropogon gerardii, and Carex torta is typical of wetter areas near the channel.
Source: NatureServe Explorer
Vegetation
The vegetation is often a mosaic of forest, woodland, shrubland, and herbaceous communities. Common trees include Betula nigra, Platanus occidentalis, and Acer negundo. Open, flood-scoured rivershore prairies feature Panicum virgatum and Andropogon gerardii, and Carex torta is typical of wetter areas near the channel.
Source: NatureServe Explorer
Environment
This alluvial system forms on the shores of rivers and streams influenced by flood scour and deposition. It includes vegetation on various substrates ranging from silty sediments low on the channel to rock outcrops, gorge walls, and cobbles.
Source: NatureServe Explorer
Dynamics
High-gradient waterflow causes scouring of rivershores, removing soils and depositing them in slower-moving portions of the river. High amounts of debris cause flood-battering of trees and shrubs, and removal of woody vegetation during extreme flooding events. Seepage from uplands may emerge from shores, and the often specialized flora of these environments is maintained by repeated removal, or prevention of establishment, of woody vegetation. Flood-battering of trees prevents succession; scouring by water, and sometimes ice, exposes substrate.
Source: NatureServe Explorer
Threats
Altered hydrologic regime and invasion by non-native species are two major threats to this system. Road and railroad corridors, as well as road crossings pinch the corridor and alter hydrologic regime.
Source: NatureServe Explorer
Distribution
This system ranges from southern New England west to Lake Erie and south to Virginia and West Virginia. The James River in Virginia marks its southern extent.
Source: NatureServe Explorer
Ecologically Associated Plant Species

Plant species that characterize this ecosystem type, organized by vegetation stratum. These are species ecologically associated with the ecosystem, not confirmed present in any specific area.

Tree canopy

Acer negundo, Betula nigra, Platanus occidentalis

Tree subcanopy

Cornus rugosa

Shrub/sapling (tall & short)

Clethra acuminata, Crataegus calpodendron, Rhododendron arborescens, Spiraea virginiana, Stewartia ovata, Symplocos tinctoria

Herb (field)

Andropogon gerardi, Baptisia australis, Boykinia aconitifolia, Carex emoryi, Carex fraseriana, Carex gracillima, Carex torta, Circaea lutetiana ssp. canadensis, Eleocharis compressa var. compressa, Hasteola suaveolens, Hexastylis naniflora, Hexastylis rhombiformis, Hexastylis shuttleworthii var. harperi, Hexastylis shuttleworthii var. shuttleworthii, Isotria medeoloides, Jamesianthus alabamensis, Liparis liliifolia, Lobelia amoena, Lysimachia fraseri, Marshallia grandiflora, Melanthium latifolium, Panicum virgatum, Parnassia asarifolia, Platanthera peramoena, Platanthera psycodes, Ranunculus trichophyllus, Sagittaria secundifolia, Smilax biltmoreana, Trillium rugelii, Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula, Waldsteinia lobata

Nonvascular

Bryoerythrophyllum ferruginascens, Cetradonia linearis, Fissidens appalachensis, Lejeunea blomquistii, Megaceros aenigmaticus, Peltigera hydrothyria

Submerged aquatic

Orontium aquaticum, Podostemum ceratophyllum
Source: NatureServe Ecological System assessment
Ecologically Associated Animals (19)

Animal species ecologically associated with this ecosystem type based on NatureServe assessment. These are species whose habitat requirements overlap with this ecosystem, not confirmed present in any specific roadless area.

Mammals (6)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Red WolfCanis rufusG1
Star-nosed MoleCondylura cristataG5
North American River OtterLontra canadensisG5
Southeastern MyotisMyotis austroripariusG4
American MinkNeogale visonG5
Cinereus ShrewSorex cinereusG5

Birds (1)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Northern WaterthrushParkesia noveboracensisG5

Reptiles (1)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Common WatersnakeNerodia sipedonG5

Amphibians (5)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Seepage SalamanderDesmognathus aeneusG4
Allegheny Mountain Dusky SalamanderDesmognathus ochrophaeusG5
Pygmy SalamanderDesmognathus wrightiG3
Peaks of Otter SalamanderPlethodon hubrichtiG2G3
Cow Knob SalamanderPlethodon punctatusG3

Butterflies & Moths (2)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Marbled UnderwingCatocala marmorataG3?
Golden-banded SkipperTelegonus cellusG5

Insects (2)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Appalachian Tiger BeetleCicindela ancocisconensisG3
Serrulate MelanoplusMelanoplus serrulatusG1G3

Other Invertebrates (1)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Wood TurtleGlyptemys insculptaG2G3

Other (1)

Common NameScientific NameG-Rank
Woodland Jumping MouseNapaeozapus insignisG5
Source: NatureServe Ecological System assessment
At-Risk Species Associated with this Ecosystem (22)

Species with conservation concern that are ecologically associated with this ecosystem type. G-Rank indicates global conservation status: G1 (critically imperiled) through G5 (secure). ESA status indicates U.S. Endangered Species Act listing.

Common NameScientific NameG-RankESA Status
Rufous Beard MossBryoerythrophyllum ferruginascensG3G4--
Red WolfCanis rufusG1Endangered; Experimental population, non-essential
Marbled UnderwingCatocala marmorataG3?--
Rock Gnome LichenCetradonia linearisG3Endangered
Appalachian Tiger BeetleCicindela ancocisconensisG3--
Pygmy SalamanderDesmognathus wrightiG3--
Appalachian Pocket MossFissidens appalachensisG2G3--
Wood TurtleGlyptemys insculptaG2G3Under Review
Dwarf-flower HeartleafHexastylis nanifloraG3Delisted
French Broad HeartleafHexastylis rhombiformisG3--
Harper's HeartleafHexastylis shuttleworthii var. harperiG4T3--
Small Whorled PogoniaIsotria medeoloidesG2G3Threatened
Alabama WarbonnetJamesianthus alabamensisG3--
Blomquist Leafy LiverwortLejeunea blomquistiiG3--
Fraser's LoosestrifeLysimachia fraseriG3--
Headwaters HornwortMegaceros aenigmaticusG3--
Serrulate MelanoplusMelanoplus serrulatusG1G3--
Peaks of Otter SalamanderPlethodon hubrichtiG2G3--
Cow Knob SalamanderPlethodon punctatusG3--
Little River ArrowheadSagittaria secundifoliaG1Threatened
Virginia SpiraeaSpiraea virginianaG2?Threatened
Lobed Barren-strawberryWaldsteinia lobataG3--
Source: NatureServe Ecological System assessment
Component Associations (37)

Plant community associations that occur within this ecological system. Associations are the finest level of the U.S. National Vegetation Classification (USNVC) and describe specific, repeating assemblages of plant species. Each association represents a distinct community type that may be found where this ecosystem occurs.

NameG-Rank
Acer rubrum - Fraxinus nigra - Betula alleghaniensis / Veratrum viride - Carex bromoides Seep Forest NatureServe
Acer rubrum - Fraxinus (pennsylvanica, americana) / Lindera benzoin / Symplocarpus foetidus Swamp NatureServe
Acer rubrum - Nyssa sylvatica / Ilex verticillata - Vaccinium fuscatum / Osmunda cinnamomea Seep Forest NatureServe
Alnus serrulata - Physocarpus opulifolius Wet Shrubland NatureServe
Andropogon gerardii - Campanula rotundifolia - Solidago simplex Riverscour NatureServe
Andropogon gerardii - Panicum virgatum - Baptisia australis Riverscour Wet Meadow NatureServe
Carex torta - Apocynum cannabinum - Cyperus spp. Riverbed NatureServe
Carex torta Riverbed NatureServe
Carex trichocarpa Rivershore Wet Meadow NatureServe
Deschampsia cespitosa - Carex viridula Riverscour Wet Meadow NatureServe
Eragrostis hypnoides - Ludwigia palustris - Lindernia dubia - Cyperus squarrosus Riverbar Wet Meadow NatureServe
Eupatorium serotinum - Polygonum (lapathifolium, punctatum, pensylvanicum) Riverbar Wet Meadow NatureServe
Fraxinus americana / Andropogon gerardii - Sorghastrum nutans - Schizachyrium scoparium - Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Riverscour Wet Meadow NatureServe
Hudsonia tomentosa - Paronychia argyrocoma Riverscour Dwarf-shrubland NatureServe
Hudsonia tomentosa - Pityopsis falcata - Lechea intermedia Inland Dune Vegetation NatureServe
Justicia americana Riverbed NatureServe
Leersia oryzoides - Sagittaria latifolia Wet Meadow NatureServe
Liriodendron tulipifera - Acer negundo - (Platanus occidentalis) / Carpinus caroliniana / Polygonum virginianum Floodplain Forest NatureServe
Liriodendron tulipifera - Platanus occidentalis - Betula lenta / Lindera benzoin / Circaea lutetiana ssp. canadensis Floodplain Forest NatureServe
Lysimachia ciliata - Apocynum cannabinum Riverbed NatureServe
Panicum virgatum - Andropogon gerardii Gravel Riverscour Wet Meadow NatureServe
Pinus rigida / Osmunda cinnamomea - Carex stricta - Eriophorum virginicum / Sphagnum spp. Swamp Woodland NatureServe
Pinus strobus - Betula populifolia / Comptonia peregrina / Schizachyrium scoparium Scrub NatureServe
Pinus virginiana - (Pinus rigida) - Nyssa sylvatica / Xanthorhiza simplicissima / Euphorbia corollata Forest NatureServe
Platanus occidentalis - Acer negundo - Juglans nigra / Asimina triloba / Mertensia virginica Floodplain Forest NatureServe
Platanus occidentalis - Acer saccharinum - Fraxinus pennsylvanica / Boehmeria cylindrica - Carex emoryi Floodplain Forest NatureServe
Platanus occidentalis - Betula nigra - Salix (caroliniana, nigra) Floodplain Forest NatureServe
Platanus occidentalis / Dichanthelium clandestinum - Festuca subverticillata Floodplain Forest NatureServe
Podostemum ceratophyllum Aquatic Vegetation NatureServe
Populus tremuloides - Betula populifolia Ruderal Forest
Quercus palustris - Quercus bicolor / Carex tribuloides - Carex radiata - (Carex squarrosa) Wet Forest NatureServe
Rhododendron arborescens / Marshallia grandiflora - Triantha glutinosa - Platanthera flava var. herbiola Riverscour Wet Meadow NatureServe
Salix nigra - Salix spp. / Carex torta - Apocynum cannabinum Wet Shrubland NatureServe
Salix nigra Sandbar Shrubland NatureServe
Southern Appalachian Bedrock Riverscour Vegetation NatureServe
Tsuga canadensis - Betula alleghaniensis / Veratrum viride - Carex scabrata - Oclemena acuminata SwampG2 NatureServe
Verbesina alternifolia - Elymus riparius - Solidago gigantea - (Teucrium canadense) Riverbar Wet Meadow NatureServe
State Conservation Ranks (11)

Subnational conservation status ranks (S-ranks) assigned by Natural Heritage Programs in each state where this ecosystem occurs. S1 indicates critically imperiled at the state level, S2 imperiled, S3 vulnerable, S4 apparently secure, and S5 secure. An ecosystem may be globally secure but imperiled in specific states at the edge of its range.

StateS-Rank
CTSNR
DESNR
MASNR
MDSNR
NHSNR
NYSNR
OHSNR
PASNR
VASNR
VTSNR
WVSNR
Methodology and Data Sources

Ecosystem classification: Ecosystems are classified using the LANDFIRE 2024 Existing Vegetation Type (EVT) layer, mapped to NatureServe Terrestrial Ecological Systems via a curated crosswalk. Each EVT is linked to the USNVC (U.S. National Vegetation Classification) hierarchy through pixel-level co-occurrence analysis of LANDFIRE EVT and NatureServe IVC Group rasters across all roadless areas.

Vegetation coverage: Coverage percentages and hectares are derived from zonal statistics of the LANDFIRE 2024 EVT raster intersected with roadless area boundaries.

Ecosystem narratives and community species: Sourced from the NatureServe Explorer API, representing professional ecological assessments of vegetation composition, environmental setting, dynamics, threats, and characteristic species assemblages.

IVC hierarchy: The International Vegetation Classification hierarchy is sourced from the USNVC v3.0 Catalog, providing the full classification from Biome through Association levels.

Component associations: Plant community associations listed as components of each NatureServe Ecological System. Association data from the NatureServe Explorer API.

State ranks: Conservation status ranks assigned by NatureServe member programs in each state where the ecosystem occurs.